History of Turkey

 

The year was 1299 AD when a ruler of the Turkish tribes in Anatolia had a dream of a mighty.

Tree growing out of him and covering the whole world.

This ruler was Osman I, and with the help of his successors, they built the mightiest

Middle Eastern Empire of their time.

The term Ottoman originates from “Uthman” which is Arabic for Osman, named after the

ruler who had the dream of the Ottoman Empire.

We are going to review the historic events that marked the chronology of this mighty

empire.

Origins of the Ottoman Empire The history of the Ottoman Empire begins with

Osman I. in 1299 AD, a leader of the Turkish tribes in Anatolia who established a formal

government and gave foundation to the Ottoman Turks.

He and his son Orhan started conquering and expanded the territory to the North West and

captured Bursa in 1326.

Bursa became the new capital of the Ottoman state and the Byzantine Empire lost control

over northwestern Anatolia.

The Ottoman Turks continued their expansion objectives by conquering the important city

of Thessaloniki from the Venetians in 1387.

Later on, in 1389, they took over Kosovo which ended the Serbian power in the region, making

way for the Ottomans to expand in Europe.

In an attempt to stop the advance of the Ottoman Turks, there was the battle of Nicopolis in

1396.

The Ottoman warriors were victorious in what is regarded as the last large-scale crusade

of the Middle Ages.

It is Sultan Bayezid I who doubled the Ottoman’s land between 1389 and 1402, earning his nickname

as the Thunderbolt.

Unfortunately, he failed to unite the early Ottoman empire which was bisected by the once-mighty

city of Constantinople.

He was later defeated and captured in the battle of Ankara by Timur.

This started the only civil war that the Ottoman empire had in its 600 years of history, as

Bayezid’s sons fought over succession.

It is Mehmed I who finally emerged out of the chaos and restored the Ottoman’s power

and brought an end to the civil war referred to as the Ottoman interregnum.

Between 1430 and 1450, Mehmed’s son. Murad II was the one to recover the lands that were

lost in the battle of Ankara.

He defeated the united armies of the King of Hungary in the final battle of the crusade

of Varna, and was also later victorious on an attack over his lands in the second battle

of Kosovo in 1448.

The son of Murad II, Mehmed the conqueror, was the one to solve the Constantinople issue

by capturing the city with martial finesse on 29 May 1453 when he was only 21 years old.

Mehmed the conqueror then renamed the city which is now known as Istanbul, the new capital

of the Ottoman Empire, and the city became a powerful international center of trade and

culture.

Sultan Mehmed ruled from 1453 to 1481 and when he died, Bayezid II his oldest son became

the new Sultan.

The rise of the Ottoman Empire The siege in Constantinople marked the status

of the Ottoman Empire as the preeminent power in southeastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean.

Orthodox patriarchs acknowledge the Ottoman rule over the Venetian rule, and this was

only the beginning of the rise of the Ottoman Empire.

It was between the 15th and 16th centuries that the Ottoman Empire had its greatest conquests

and expansions.

By 1517 under the rule of Sultan Selim I, the Ottoman Empire conquered Egypt, Syria,

Arabia, and Palestine in a very short period.

By these conquests, they became a Middle East trade giant as no one could go east or west

without crossing the Ottoman Empire, and the empire flourished via the major overland trade

routes between Europe and Asia.

The Ottoman navy played a great part in protecting and contesting the important seagoing trade

routes, as they were in competition with the Italian cities in the Black, Aegean, and Mediterranean

seas; and with the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the Red sea.

It was during the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent who ruled from 1520 to 1566,

that the Ottoman Empire reached its peak in glory and dominion.

He was the successor of Selim I and made a major impact on the history of the Empire.

Suleiman the Magnificent created an unwavering system of law that made the justice system

fair, and overall efficient.

He also welcomed various forms of arts and literature.

On top of that, he went on thirteen raiding campaigns in every direction from his Empire.

He established the Ottoman’s rule in present-day Hungary and other central European territories

after winning the battle of Mohacs in 1526.

He took Baghdad from the Persians and gained control over Mesopotamia installing naval

presence in the Persian Gulf.

The Ottoman Empire counted 15,000,000 people by the end of the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent.

The fall of the Ottoman Empire It was from 1600 that the Ottoman Empire started

to decline, with its armies scattered across its vast lands due to the constant Austrian

and Persian military campaigns.

These conflicts impacted heavily on the Empire’s resources and management of its defenses on

the western and eastern borders.

As a result, it was overall impossible to maintain its naval presence for trade competition

effectively.

In 1912 and 1913, the Ottoman Empire lost almost all its European territories in the

Balkan wars.

In 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the central Powers and

they were defeated in October 1918.

The title of the Sultan was officially eliminated in 1922 and this marked the official end of

the once mighty Ottoman Empire.

The remaining lands of the Empire became the Republic of Turkey under the governance of

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk on October 29, 1923.

In Conclusion The Ottoman Empire left an outstanding legacy

after ruling for more than 600 years.

They will always be remembered for their fabulous military dominance and innovation, ethnic

diversity, religious tolerance, and their still-standing architectural marvels.

Share: